A hydrogen-powered air taxi flew 523 miles emitting only water vapor

Joby retrofitted a prototype electric VTOL with a liquid hydrogen system that traveled 523 miles with net-zero in flight emissions. Credit: Joby Aviation

A flying-car-like vertical takeoff aircraft created by Joby Aviation has completed a first-of-its-kind, 523 mile test flight using hydrogen power. The aircraft, which reportedly left only a trail of water vapor in its wake, is being pitched as a more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional gas powered jets for mid-range, regional travel. Though questions remain about hydrogen power’s long-term viability at scale, the test flight proves it’s possible to retrofit existing electric powered aircraft with hydrogen fuel cells to effectively extend their range. 

Joby is one of several companies attempting to create an air taxi service around vertical takeoff and landing vehicles (VTOLs). Up until now Joby has focused on creating fully electric battery powered aircraft with a range of roughly 100 miles intended to transport people and products within cities or to major airports. For the new test flight, Joby took a pre-production prototype of one of its battery-electric aircraft and outfitted it with a liquid hydrogen fuel tank and fuel system. The modified, hydrogen-powered VTOL was able to complete a 523 mile flight above Marina, California with no in-flight emissions. When it landed, the aircraft still had 10% of its remaining hydrogen fuel load. 

Joby accelerated its exploration of hydrogen power back in 2022 with its acquisition of hydrogen-powered aircraft startup H2Fly. That company completed the first piloted flight of a liquid-hydrogen powered electric aircraft last year. Since then, two other California startups have successfully tested hydrogen fuel sources to power propeller planes. One of those firms, Universal Hydrogen, reportedly flew as high as 10,000 feet at around 170 knots (195 mph.) Joby’s test flight, by contrast, is the first reported example of a VTOL-style aircraft completing a test flight using hydrogen power. 

“Traveling by air is central to human progress, but we need to find ways to make it cleaner,” Joby CEO JoeBen Bevirt said in a press release. “With our battery-electric air taxi set to fundamentally change the way we move around cities, we’re excited to now be building a technology stack that could redefine regional travel using hydrogen-electric aircraft.

Hydrogen power can extend the range of VTOLs and make regional travel between cities more realistic. Credit: Joby Aviation

Hydrogen power could reduce emissions and extend VTOL range  

Hydrogen has previously been explored as a potential alternative fuel source in cars, trucks, and even super yachts with varying degrees of success. In a nutshell, the system works by using hydrogen to create a chemical reaction that can charge the aircraft’s fuel cells midflight. That generated energy can then be used to power the motor and spin the propellers all with net zero emissions generated during the flight. Proponents of the technology believe it could help reduce CO2 emissions in the overall transportation sector. Globally, aircrafts accounted for around 2% of global CO2 emissions in 2022, according to the International Energy Agency. That percentage is expected to tick up in the coming years as air travel rebounds from a brief Covid-19 pandemic induced lull. 

In addition to the supposed environmental benefits, the hydrogen power could also act as a range extender to Joby’s all electric line of VTOLs. Joby envisions a future where their hydrogen VTOL could transport commuters between Baltimore and Boston or Nashville and New Orleans. In theory, the hydrogen-powered aircraft could also use much of the same underlying infrastructure that is currently being built for the electric models. 

“The vast majority of the design, testing and certification work we’ve completed on our battery-electric aircraft carries over to commercializing hydrogen-electric flight,” Bevirt said. “In service, we also expect to be able to use the same landing pads, the same operations team, and Joby’s ElevateOS software that will support the commercial operation of our battery-electric aircraft.”

Hydrogen power isn’t a silver bullet 

If all of this sounds too good to be true from an emissions stand point, that’s because it really still is. Hydrogen power is still far more expensive to produce than its electric or fossil fuel alternatives. It’s also not as environmentally friendly as it may initially seem. Though various energy sources can be technically used to release hydrogen from hydrocarbon molecules, around 95% of hydrogen currently produced in the US is made using natural gas which is itself a major source of CO2 emissions. So-called “green hydrogen” sourced from renewable resources remains relatively rare but that could change thanks to the Biden Administration initiative aiming to inject $7 billion into new hydrogen hub centers. Hydrogen power, not long ago considered a sci-fi pipe dream, is climbing closer to reality. 

Hydrogen is also just one of several alternatives and options being explored by the air travel industry. Aircraft startups like Elysian are leaning on advances in battery technology to develop an electric-powered passenger plane they hope can transport 90 travelers up to 500 miles without recharging. Jet Blue, Virgin Atlantic, and other airliners are also investing in so-called “sustainable jet fuel” which would use feedstocks, waste products, and other renewable starting materials in place of fossil fuels. Some mix of all of these alternatives will likely be needed to prevent aircraft related carbon emissions from soaring in coming years, especially as passengers show no signs of cutting down on overall air travel any time soon. 

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