There’s granite on the moon. No one knows how it got there.

In 2026, NASA plans to explore a region where granite was detected on the moon with a rover.
Credit: NASA / GSFC / Arizona State University

Geologists have found a large cache of granite in an unlikely place — the far side of the moon.

With so many kitchens boasting long polished slabs on their countertops, we likely take for granted our granite. But the rock is virtually nonexistent elsewhere in the solar system, or so scientists have thought.

Before this discovery, only small grains have turned up in the more than 800 pounds of lunar samples hauled back from space by the NASA Apollo missions.

“Typically, granites require either plate tectonics or water-bearing magmas to form,” said Timothy Glotch, a geologist at Stony Brook University(opens in a new tab), in a statement. “While the lunar interior contains small amounts of water, the Moon has never undergone plate tectonics.”

The discovery, published in the science journal Nature, presents quite a mystery(opens in a new tab), suggesting that the 30-mile-wide granite trove on the moon formed through a geological process not yet understood. NASA plans to explore the region, the Compton-Belkovich volcanic complex and Gruithuisen Domes(opens in a new tab), with a rover in 2026.

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On Earth, granite rocks are part of the plumbing found beneath extinct volcanoes. They form when underground molten lava rises to the planet’s crust but doesn’t erupt and then cools.

Any large deposit of granite found on Earth once fed a cluster of volcanoes, such as the Cascade volcanoes in the Pacific Northwest, said Matthew Siegler, a planetary scientist at Southern Methodist University(opens in a new tab), who led the research.

The group of scientists think the lunar granite had to have been there for some 3.5 billion years, when the moon had active volcanoes. The large shadowy-looking spots on the moon — the ones that look kind of like a face, for example — are the maria(opens in a new tab), areas of ancient lava flows. They’re thought to have formed early in the moon’s history.

NASA’s Galileo spacecraft captures the darkened maria on the moon, areas of ancient lava flows, in 1992.
Credit: NASA / JPL / USGS

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The research team used data from the Chinese Chang’E lunar orbiters to find extra heat below the surface of a region thought to once host an ancient volcano. The source may have been granite’s high levels of radioactive elements, such as uranium and thorium, according to the new paper.

“The only solution that we can think of which produces that much heat is a large body of granite,” Siegler said.

Scientists think domes formed on the moon with magma rich in silica, similar to granite.
Credit: NASA / GSFC / Arizona State University

NASA plans to investigate(opens in a new tab) the summit of one of the moon’s Gruithuisen Domes, under the Commercial Payload Services Program, which was established in 2018 to recruit the private sector(opens in a new tab) to help deliver cargo and instruments to the moon. The upcoming missions will support NASA’s lunar ambitions, while also attempting to kickstart a future cislunar economy, based on business ventures on and around the moon.

Scientists think the lunar domes formed with magma, rich in silica, similar to granite. On Earth, though, these features need oceans and plate tectonics to form. The space agency hopes moondust samples taken from the top will offer new clues.

Elisha Sauers is the space and future tech reporter for Mashable, interested in asteroids, astronauts, and astro nuts. In over 15 years of reporting, she’s covered a variety of topics, including health, business, and government, with a penchant for FOIA and other public records requests. She previously worked for The Virginian-Pilot in Norfolk, Virginia, and The Capital in Annapolis, Maryland, now known as The Capital-Gazette. Her work has earned numerous state awards, including the Virginia Press Association’s top honor, Best in Show(opens in a new tab),  and national recognition(opens in a new tab) for narrative storytelling. In her first year covering space for Mashable, Sauers grabbed a National Headliner Award(opens in a new tab) for beat reporting. Send space tips and story ideas to [email protected](opens in a new tab) or text 443-684-2489. Follow her on Twitter at @elishasauers(opens in a new tab).

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