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羅馬古劍死海洞穴出土:帝國鎮壓猶太人證物

October 8, 2023
in General
羅馬古劍死海洞穴出土:帝國鎮壓猶太人證物
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死海附近洞穴發現4把保存完好約2000年歷史的羅馬古劍。(圖:以色列文物管理局)

死海附近洞穴發現4把保存完好約2000年歷史的羅馬古劍。(圖:以色列文物管理局)

以色列文物管理局宣布,死海附近一個洞穴發現4把保存完好約2000年歷史的羅馬古劍,可能是羅馬帝國第三次猶太人動亂的「巴柯巴起義」(Bar Kokhba revolt)所留下的文物。

這些古代武器藏在耶路撒冷東南部朱迪亞沙漠洞穴深處的鐘乳石牆後面,時間追索至公元2至3世紀,當時該地區既是羅馬軍隊的戰場,也是猶太叛軍在「巴柯巴起義」失敗後的避難所。

第1至3把古劍似乎是羅馬式的,被稱為斯帕塔(spatha),這是一種被騎兵部隊和後來的步兵使用的雙刃長劍,大約有兩英尺長,雖然風格不同,工藝水平也不同,但都配有木製手柄和防護裝置,研究人員估計它們最早可以追溯到公元1世紀末或2世紀。

第4把劍長約18英寸,具有獨特的金屬環鞍頭,這是羅馬軍隊在公元2世紀和3世紀後期從外國戰士中廣泛採用的設計。

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根據這些劍的估計日期,它們很可能在二世紀或三世紀的某個時候被秘密藏在朱迪亞沙漠的洞穴中,當時羅馬軍隊正在血腥地結束一系列猶太人的起義,而帝國正進入政治混亂時期。

金屬或木材和皮革等有機材料製成的文物很少能在暴露於自然環境的情況下保存幾個世紀,如今被稱為劍洞的獨特小氣候卻完好無損地保存了鐵刀及其刀鞘、護手和刀柄。

萊斯特大學考古學家、《羅馬與劍:戰士和武器如何塑造羅馬歷史》一書的作者、萊斯特大學考古學家西蒙·詹姆斯 (Simon James)表示:「這些即使不是保存最完好的羅馬劍,也是迄今為止發現的最好的帶鞘羅馬劍之一。」

「巴柯巴起義」為公元132至135年猶太人在羅馬帝國猶太行省發動大規模叛亂,羅馬皇帝哈德良出動6萬至12萬人的兵力鎮壓,約58萬猶太人被殺,50個設防城鎮及985條村被摧毀,也有眾多羅馬人戰死。叛亂過後,哈德良廢除猶太行省,把它與敘利亞行省合併成立新的敘利亞巴勒斯坦行省。

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