Research team analyzes hospital stay data, identifies key points where disease trajectories diverge

Two examples of diverging trajectories, (A) departing from hypertension (I10) at an age of 10-19y in females diverges to the “kidney-trajectory” and the “metabolic trajectory” (B) departing from sleep disorders (G47) at an age of 20-29y in males diverges to metabolic trajectory with diabetes mellitus type 2 (E11), obesity (E66), lipid disorders (E78) and hyperuricemia (E79) and path with movement disorders or otitis media (G25), obesity (E66) and abdominal hernia (K46). Credit: Complexity Science Hub

The world population is aging at an increasing pace. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2023, one in six people was over 60 years old. By 2050, the number of people over 60 is expected to double to 2.1 billion.

“As age increases, the risk of multiple, often chronic diseases occurring simultaneously—known as multimorbidity—significantly rises,” explains Elma Dervic from the Complexity Science Hub (CSH). Given the demographic shift we are facing, this poses several challenges. On one hand, multimorbidity diminishes the quality of life for those affected. On the other hand, this demographic shift creates a massive additional burden for health care and social systems.

Identifying typical disease trajectories

“We wanted to find out which typical disease trajectories occur in multimorbid patients from birth to death and which critical moments in their lives significantly shape the further course. This provides clues for very early and personalized prevention strategies,” explains Dervic.

Together with researchers from the Medical University of Vienna, Dervic analyzed all hospital stays in Austria between 2003 and 2014, totaling around 44 million. To make sense of this vast amount of data, the team constructed multilayered networks. A layer represents each ten-year age group, and each diagnosis is represented by nodes within these layers.

The paper, titled “Unraveling cradle-to-grave disease trajectories from multilayer comorbidity networks,” by Elma Dervic, Johannes Sorger, Liuhuaying Yang, Michael Leutner, Alexander Kautzky, Stefan Thurner, Alexandra Kautzky-Willer, and Peter Klimek, was published in npj Digital Medicine.

Using this method, the researchers were able to identify correlations between different diseases among different age groups—for example, how frequently obesity, hypertension, and diabetes occur together in 20-29-year-olds and which diseases have a higher risk of occurring after them in the 30s, 40s or 50s.

The team identified 1,260 different disease trajectories (618 in women and 642 in men) over a 70-year period. “On average, one of these disease trajectories includes nine different diagnoses, highlighting how common multimorbidity actually is,” emphasizes Dervic.

In particular, 70 trajectories have been identified where patients exhibited similar diagnoses in their younger years, but later evolved into significantly different clinical profiles. “If these trajectories, despite similar starting conditions, significantly differ later in life in terms of severity and the corresponding required hospitalizations, this is a critical moment that plays an important role in prevention,” says Dervic.

Men with sleep disorders

The model, for instance, shows two typical trajectory paths for men between 20 and 29 years old who suffer from sleep disorders. In trajectory A, metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, and lipid disorders appear years later. In trajectory B, movement disorders occur, among other conditions. This suggests that organic sleep disorders could be an early marker for the risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease.

“If someone suffers from sleep disorders at a young age, that can be a critical event prompting doctors’ attention,” explains Dervic. The results of the study show that patients who follow trajectory B spend nine days less in hospital in their 20s but 29 days longer in hospital in their 30s and also suffer from more additional diagnoses. As sleep disorders become more prevalent, the distinction in the course of their illnesses not only matters for those affected but also for the health care system.

Women with high blood pressure

Similarly, when adolescent girls between the ages of 10 and 19 have high blood pressure, their trajectory varies as well. While some develop additional metabolic diseases, others experience chronic kidney disease in their twenties, leading to increased mortality at a young age. This is of particular clinical importance as childhood hypertension is on the rise worldwide and is closely linked to the increasing prevalence of childhood obesity.

There are specific trajectories that deserve special attention and should be monitored closely, according to the authors of the study. “With these insights derived from real-life data, doctors can monitor various diseases more intensively and implement targeted, personalized preventive measures decades before serious problems arise,” explains Dervic. By doing so, they are not only reducing the burden on health care systems, but also improving patients’ quality of life.

More information:
Unraveling cradle-to-grave disease trajectories from multilayer comorbidity networks, npj Digital Medicine (2024). DOI: 10.1038/s41746-024-01015-w

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Complexity Science Hub

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