* . *
  • About
  • Advertise
  • Privacy & Policy
  • Contact
Saturday, July 26, 2025
Earth-News
  • Home
  • Business
  • Entertainment
    Cote de Pablo reveals how Michael Weatherly used his soap opera roots to put her at ease in “NCIS” love scene – yahoo.com

    Cote de Pablo Reveals How Michael Weatherly’s Soap Opera Background Made Their “NCIS” Love Scene Easier

    City of Pelham announces entertainment district plans for former Oak Mountain Amphitheatre site – WVTM

    Pelham Unveils Exciting New Entertainment District Plans for Former Oak Mountain Amphitheatre Site

    Black Box Players presents ‘The Three Musketeers’ – CBS 19 News

    Experience the Adventure: Black Box Players Bring ‘The Three Musketeers’ to Life!

    AP Entertainment SummaryBrief at 1:51 p.m. EDT – Channel 3000

    Entertainment Highlights: Key Updates You Can’t Miss

    ‘Devil Wears Prada 2’ casts Anne Hathaway’s love interest replacing Adrian Grenier’s Nate – Entertainment Weekly

    Devil Wears Prada 2′ Casts New Love Interest for Anne Hathaway, Replacing Adrian Grenier’s Nate

    12 ‘Late Show’ Moments Proving Stephen Colbert Can’t Be Replaced – The Mountaineer

    12 Unforgettable ‘Late Show’ Moments That Prove Stephen Colbert Is Truly One of a Kind

  • General
  • Health
  • News

    Cracking the Code: Why China’s Economic Challenges Aren’t Shaking Markets, Unlike America’s” – Bloomberg

    Trump’s Narrow Window to Spread the Truth About Harris

    Trump’s Narrow Window to Spread the Truth About Harris

    Israel-Gaza war live updates: Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh assassinated in Iran, group says

    Israel-Gaza war live updates: Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh assassinated in Iran, group says

    PAP Boss to Niger Delta Youths, Stay Away from the Protest

    PAP Boss to Niger Delta Youths, Stay Away from the Protest

    Court Restricts Protests In Lagos To Freedom, Peace Park

    Court Restricts Protests In Lagos To Freedom, Peace Park

    Fans React to Jazz Jennings’ Inspiring Weight Loss Journey

    Fans React to Jazz Jennings’ Inspiring Weight Loss Journey

    Trending Tags

    • Trump Inauguration
    • United Stated
    • White House
    • Market Stories
    • Election Results
  • Science
  • Sports
  • Technology
    Validea’s Top Information Technology Stocks Based On Peter Lynch – 7/25/2025 – Nasdaq

    Validea’s Top Information Technology Stocks Based On Peter Lynch – 7/25/2025 – Nasdaq

    WhoFi: New surveillance technology can track people by how they disrupt Wi-Fi signals – Tech Xplore

    WhoFi: New surveillance technology can track people by how they disrupt Wi-Fi signals – Tech Xplore

    Google Cloud Announced as a Key Technology Partner for Odoo Connect 2025 in San Francisco – GlobeNewswire

    Google Cloud Announced as a Key Technology Partner for Odoo Connect 2025 in San Francisco – GlobeNewswire

    Behind the Screens: The Impact of Technology on Real Estate – TRREB

    Behind the Screens: How Technology is Transforming the Future of Real Estate

    Sustainserv and Palau Announce Technology Partnership to Leverage Innovative AI Platform to Advance Sustainability Reporting – Business Wire

    Sustainserv and Palau Team Up to Transform Sustainability Reporting with Breakthrough AI Technology

    Morgan Adamski Joins PwC in Newly Created Cyber, Data & Technology Risk Division – HSToday

    Morgan Adamski Leads the Charge in PwC’s Cutting-Edge Cyber, Data & Technology Risk Division

    Trending Tags

    • Nintendo Switch
    • CES 2017
    • Playstation 4 Pro
    • Mark Zuckerberg
No Result
View All Result
  • Home
  • Business
  • Entertainment
    Cote de Pablo reveals how Michael Weatherly used his soap opera roots to put her at ease in “NCIS” love scene – yahoo.com

    Cote de Pablo Reveals How Michael Weatherly’s Soap Opera Background Made Their “NCIS” Love Scene Easier

    City of Pelham announces entertainment district plans for former Oak Mountain Amphitheatre site – WVTM

    Pelham Unveils Exciting New Entertainment District Plans for Former Oak Mountain Amphitheatre Site

    Black Box Players presents ‘The Three Musketeers’ – CBS 19 News

    Experience the Adventure: Black Box Players Bring ‘The Three Musketeers’ to Life!

    AP Entertainment SummaryBrief at 1:51 p.m. EDT – Channel 3000

    Entertainment Highlights: Key Updates You Can’t Miss

    ‘Devil Wears Prada 2’ casts Anne Hathaway’s love interest replacing Adrian Grenier’s Nate – Entertainment Weekly

    Devil Wears Prada 2′ Casts New Love Interest for Anne Hathaway, Replacing Adrian Grenier’s Nate

    12 ‘Late Show’ Moments Proving Stephen Colbert Can’t Be Replaced – The Mountaineer

    12 Unforgettable ‘Late Show’ Moments That Prove Stephen Colbert Is Truly One of a Kind

  • General
  • Health
  • News

    Cracking the Code: Why China’s Economic Challenges Aren’t Shaking Markets, Unlike America’s” – Bloomberg

    Trump’s Narrow Window to Spread the Truth About Harris

    Trump’s Narrow Window to Spread the Truth About Harris

    Israel-Gaza war live updates: Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh assassinated in Iran, group says

    Israel-Gaza war live updates: Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh assassinated in Iran, group says

    PAP Boss to Niger Delta Youths, Stay Away from the Protest

    PAP Boss to Niger Delta Youths, Stay Away from the Protest

    Court Restricts Protests In Lagos To Freedom, Peace Park

    Court Restricts Protests In Lagos To Freedom, Peace Park

    Fans React to Jazz Jennings’ Inspiring Weight Loss Journey

    Fans React to Jazz Jennings’ Inspiring Weight Loss Journey

    Trending Tags

    • Trump Inauguration
    • United Stated
    • White House
    • Market Stories
    • Election Results
  • Science
  • Sports
  • Technology
    Validea’s Top Information Technology Stocks Based On Peter Lynch – 7/25/2025 – Nasdaq

    Validea’s Top Information Technology Stocks Based On Peter Lynch – 7/25/2025 – Nasdaq

    WhoFi: New surveillance technology can track people by how they disrupt Wi-Fi signals – Tech Xplore

    WhoFi: New surveillance technology can track people by how they disrupt Wi-Fi signals – Tech Xplore

    Google Cloud Announced as a Key Technology Partner for Odoo Connect 2025 in San Francisco – GlobeNewswire

    Google Cloud Announced as a Key Technology Partner for Odoo Connect 2025 in San Francisco – GlobeNewswire

    Behind the Screens: The Impact of Technology on Real Estate – TRREB

    Behind the Screens: How Technology is Transforming the Future of Real Estate

    Sustainserv and Palau Announce Technology Partnership to Leverage Innovative AI Platform to Advance Sustainability Reporting – Business Wire

    Sustainserv and Palau Team Up to Transform Sustainability Reporting with Breakthrough AI Technology

    Morgan Adamski Joins PwC in Newly Created Cyber, Data & Technology Risk Division – HSToday

    Morgan Adamski Leads the Charge in PwC’s Cutting-Edge Cyber, Data & Technology Risk Division

    Trending Tags

    • Nintendo Switch
    • CES 2017
    • Playstation 4 Pro
    • Mark Zuckerberg
No Result
View All Result
Earth-News
No Result
View All Result
Home Science

How did the universe’s elements form?

October 22, 2023
in Science
How did the universe’s elements form?
Share on FacebookShare on Twitter

News

Science & Astronomy

A model of the big bang showing a large explosion that produces the rest of the universe

A model of the big bang showing a large explosion that produces the rest of the universe.
(Image credit: Getty images)

We all know the universe contains a vast array of elements, ranging from light gases, such as helium, to heavy metals, like lead. But where did all of the elements come from? 

The journey of the elements starts in the earliest moments of the Big Bang, when our universe was only a few seconds to a few minutes old. At that time, the entire cosmos was crammed into a volume millions of times smaller than it is today. Due to the incredibly high densities, the average temperature of all the material in the universe was well over a billion degrees, which is more than hot enough for nuclear reactions to take place. In fact, it was so hot that even protons and neutrons could not exist as stable entities. Instead, the universe was just a sea of more fundamental particles, called quarks and gluons, seething in a raw plasma state.

But the universe would not stay that way for long. It was expanding, which means it was also cooling. Eventually, the quarks could bind together to form the first protons and neutrons without instantly getting demolished. Protons are ever so slightly lighter than neutrons, which gave them an edge in this initial phase of particle production. Once the universe was a few minutes old, it was far too cold to create new protons and neutrons. So those first heavy particles were the only ones the universe was ever going to make (outside of future rare high-energy interactions).

Related: The history of the universe: Big Bang to now in 10 easy steps

By the time the heavy particles finally froze out, there were roughly six protons for every neutron. Neutrons by themselves aren’t stable; they decay with a half-life of around 880 seconds. Immediately, some of the neutrons began to decay away, while the remainder started binding with protons to form the first atomic nuclei. Of all the light elements, helium-4, which consists of two protons and two neutrons, has the largest binding energy, which means it’s the easiest to form and the hardest to break apart. So almost all of that helium went into the production of helium-4.

From calculations like this, cosmologists can predict that the universe started out with a mixture of roughly 75% hydrogen (which is just a bare proton), 25% helium and a small scattering of lithium — which is exactly what astronomers observe.

Stellar nucleosynthesis 

The next stage in the appearance of the elements had to wait for the first generation of stars, which didn’t start shining until hundreds of millions of years after the Big Bang. Stars power themselves through nuclear fusion, transforming hydrogen into helium. This process leaves a tiny bit of energy left over. But stars have so much hydrogen available that they can burn for billions, or sometimes trillions, of years. 

Near the ends of their lives, stars like the sun switch to fusing helium instead, turning it into carbon and oxygen before they die as planetary nebulae. This is why carbon and oxygen are so abundant in the universe; after hydrogen and helium, they are the most commonly produced elements. In fact, oxygen is the most common element on Earth, although most of it is bound up with silicates to form the ground beneath your feet.

More massive stars — those with at least eight times the mass of the sun — fuse even heavier elements in their cores. Especially in their final weeks, days and even hours, the most massive stars in the universe create nitrogen, neon, silicon, sulfur, magnesium, nickel, chromium and iron.

Aftermath nucleosynthesis 

That’s the end of the line for the formation of elements within stars. Their intense energies are perfectly capable of producing heavier elements, but fusing anything above iron saps energy, rather than producing it, so those heavier elements appear only rarely in the cores of massive stars.

Instead, the rest of the elements in the periodic table are produced when stars die, which they do through a variety of fascinating, complicated and spectacular means. Smaller stars slowly turn themselves inside out, spewing their guts all across their stellar systems. Larger stars explode in violent cataclysms known as supernovas. Both kinds of deaths leave remnants. In the case of small stars, they leave white dwarfs, which are made almost entirely of carbon and oxygen. Larger stars leave behind incredibly dense spheres of neutrons known as neutron stars. 

Gas from a companion star can fall onto a white dwarf, causing it to trigger its own kind of supernova blast. Neutron stars can collide with each other, releasing an enormous amount of energy in an event known as a kilonova.

No matter what, all of these processes involve a lot of radiation, a lot of energy and a lot of particles flying around at high speed — in other words, the perfect soup for fashioning new elements. It’s through these calamities that the rest of the periodic table came into being.

It’s also through these energetic events that these elements spread beyond the bounds of their home stars and out into the interstellar mix. There, those elements join new gas clouds, which eventually coalesce to form new generations of stars that continue the process of elemental recycling and regeneration, slowly enriching the universe.

Join our Space Forums to keep talking space on the latest missions, night sky and more! And if you have a news tip, correction or comment, let us know at: [email protected].

Breaking space news, the latest updates on rocket launches, skywatching events and more!

Paul M. Sutter is an astrophysicist at SUNY Stony Brook and the Flatiron Institute in New York City. Paul received his PhD in Physics from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 2011, and spent three years at the Paris Institute of Astrophysics, followed by a research fellowship in Trieste, Italy, His research focuses on many diverse topics, from the emptiest regions of the universe to the earliest moments of the Big Bang to the hunt for the first stars. As an “Agent to the Stars,” Paul has passionately engaged the public in science outreach for several years. He is the host of the popular “Ask a Spaceman!” podcast, author of “Your Place in the Universe” and “How to Die in Space” and he frequently appears on TV — including on The Weather Channel, for which he serves as Official Space Specialist.

>>> Read full article>>>
Copyright for syndicated content belongs to the linked Source : Space.com – https://www.space.com/how-did-universe-elements-form

Tags: Elementsscienceuniverse's
Previous Post

SpaceX launches 23 Starlink satellites on its second spaceflight in a day

Next Post

Scientists bury time capsule to celebrate upcoming Extremely Large Telescope (photos)

Foraging activity by an ecosystem engineer, the superb lyrebird, ‘farms’ its invertebrate prey – besjournals

How the Superb Lyrebird Cleverly ‘Farms’ Its Invertebrate Prey While Foraging

July 26, 2025
AI turns immune cells into precision cancer killers—in just weeks – ScienceDaily

AI turns immune cells into precision cancer killers—in just weeks – ScienceDaily

July 26, 2025
Our new book on ideological threats to science – Why Evolution Is True

Unveiling the Hidden Ideological Threats Challenging Evolutionary Science

July 26, 2025

When Veganism Goes to Extremes: Inside the Rise of an Intense Lifestyle

July 26, 2025
The Semi-Fictional Book That Transformed the Culinary World – The New Yorker

The Semi-Fictional Book That Transformed the Culinary World – The New Yorker

July 26, 2025
The economy is continuing to grow, Jack Ablin says – Fox Business

The Economy Keeps Expanding, Says Jack Ablin

July 26, 2025
Cote de Pablo reveals how Michael Weatherly used his soap opera roots to put her at ease in “NCIS” love scene – yahoo.com

Cote de Pablo Reveals How Michael Weatherly’s Soap Opera Background Made Their “NCIS” Love Scene Easier

July 26, 2025
Wellpoint-IBIS Health Clinical Trial – Mass Retirees Association

Wellpoint-IBIS Health Clinical Trial Empowers Mass Retirees for Better Care

July 26, 2025
Disgraced former US Rep. George Santos reports to NJ federal prison to serve 7-year fraud sentence – CNN

Disgraced Former Rep. George Santos Starts 7-Year Prison Sentence in New Jersey

July 26, 2025
Validea’s Top Information Technology Stocks Based On Peter Lynch – 7/25/2025 – Nasdaq

Validea’s Top Information Technology Stocks Based On Peter Lynch – 7/25/2025 – Nasdaq

July 25, 2025

Categories

Archives

July 2025
MTWTFSS
 123456
78910111213
14151617181920
21222324252627
28293031 
« Jun    
Earth-News.info

The Earth News is an independent English-language daily published Website from all around the World News

Browse by Category

  • Business (20,132)
  • Ecology (739)
  • Economy (763)
  • Entertainment (21,644)
  • General (16,111)
  • Health (9,801)
  • Lifestyle (771)
  • News (22,149)
  • People (765)
  • Politics (772)
  • Science (15,978)
  • Sports (21,260)
  • Technology (15,745)
  • World (746)

Recent News

Foraging activity by an ecosystem engineer, the superb lyrebird, ‘farms’ its invertebrate prey – besjournals

How the Superb Lyrebird Cleverly ‘Farms’ Its Invertebrate Prey While Foraging

July 26, 2025
AI turns immune cells into precision cancer killers—in just weeks – ScienceDaily

AI turns immune cells into precision cancer killers—in just weeks – ScienceDaily

July 26, 2025
  • About
  • Advertise
  • Privacy & Policy
  • Contact

© 2023 earth-news.info

No Result
View All Result

© 2023 earth-news.info

No Result
View All Result

© 2023 earth-news.info

Go to mobile version