* . *
  • About
  • Advertise
  • Privacy & Policy
  • Contact
Saturday, October 4, 2025
Earth-News
  • Home
  • Business
  • Entertainment
    Books about the arts and some haunts for a Denton October – Denton Record-Chronicle

    Uncover Artistic Treasures and Spooky Adventures to Experience in Denton This October

    Taylor Swift Releases New Album The Life of a Showgirl : Listen and Read the Full Credits – Yahoo

    Taylor Swift Releases New Album The Life of a Showgirl : Listen and Read the Full Credits – Yahoo

    Toni Braxton Is Turning Her Biggest Hits Into Lifetime Movies – Yahoo

    Toni Braxton Is Turning Her Biggest Hits Into Lifetime Movies – Yahoo

    Major airline to offer new in-flight entertainment options for passengers – PennLive.com

    Major airline to offer new in-flight entertainment options for passengers – PennLive.com

    Penn State-Themed Restaurant and Entertainment Spot Happy Valley Live Set to Open in State College – StateCollege.com

    Penn State-Themed Restaurant and Entertainment Spot Happy Valley Live Set to Open in State College – StateCollege.com

    The Police Made Chart History With This 1979 Hit Nearly 50 Years Ago – Yahoo

    How The Police Changed Music Forever with Their Iconic 1979 Hit Nearly 50 Years Ago

  • General
  • Health
  • News

    Cracking the Code: Why China’s Economic Challenges Aren’t Shaking Markets, Unlike America’s” – Bloomberg

    Trump’s Narrow Window to Spread the Truth About Harris

    Trump’s Narrow Window to Spread the Truth About Harris

    Israel-Gaza war live updates: Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh assassinated in Iran, group says

    Israel-Gaza war live updates: Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh assassinated in Iran, group says

    PAP Boss to Niger Delta Youths, Stay Away from the Protest

    PAP Boss to Niger Delta Youths, Stay Away from the Protest

    Court Restricts Protests In Lagos To Freedom, Peace Park

    Court Restricts Protests In Lagos To Freedom, Peace Park

    Fans React to Jazz Jennings’ Inspiring Weight Loss Journey

    Fans React to Jazz Jennings’ Inspiring Weight Loss Journey

    Trending Tags

    • Trump Inauguration
    • United Stated
    • White House
    • Market Stories
    • Election Results
  • Science
  • Sports
  • Technology
    MAC Brings iPad Technology to Football Sidelines Across All 13 Member Schools – Sports Video Group

    MAC Brings iPad Technology to Football Sidelines Across All 13 Member Schools – Sports Video Group

    Technology Is Becoming More Important Than Humans In CX – No Jitter

    Technology Is Becoming More Important Than Humans In CX – No Jitter

    A Tech Expo Shows What China Can Make, but Not Who’ll Buy It All – The New York Times

    Inside China’s Tech Expo: Cutting-Edge Innovations Face Uncertain Demand

    Steampunk Metal Oval Technology Sense Sunglasses Personality Handmade Chain Multicolor Sunglasses UV400 – The San Joaquin Valley Sun

    Steampunk Metal Oval Sunglasses with Handmade Multicolor Chain – Bold UV400 Protection and Unique Style

    STELLA Automotive AI Appoints Fred Seidelman as Chief Technology Officer – Yahoo Finance

    STELLA Automotive AI Appoints Fred Seidelman as New Chief Technology Officer

    Saving Energy and Money with Smart Technology – Terms of Service with Clare Duffy – Podcast on CNN Podcasts – CNN

    Saving Energy and Money with Smart Technology – Terms of Service with Clare Duffy – Podcast on CNN Podcasts – CNN

    Trending Tags

    • Nintendo Switch
    • CES 2017
    • Playstation 4 Pro
    • Mark Zuckerberg
No Result
View All Result
  • Home
  • Business
  • Entertainment
    Books about the arts and some haunts for a Denton October – Denton Record-Chronicle

    Uncover Artistic Treasures and Spooky Adventures to Experience in Denton This October

    Taylor Swift Releases New Album The Life of a Showgirl : Listen and Read the Full Credits – Yahoo

    Taylor Swift Releases New Album The Life of a Showgirl : Listen and Read the Full Credits – Yahoo

    Toni Braxton Is Turning Her Biggest Hits Into Lifetime Movies – Yahoo

    Toni Braxton Is Turning Her Biggest Hits Into Lifetime Movies – Yahoo

    Major airline to offer new in-flight entertainment options for passengers – PennLive.com

    Major airline to offer new in-flight entertainment options for passengers – PennLive.com

    Penn State-Themed Restaurant and Entertainment Spot Happy Valley Live Set to Open in State College – StateCollege.com

    Penn State-Themed Restaurant and Entertainment Spot Happy Valley Live Set to Open in State College – StateCollege.com

    The Police Made Chart History With This 1979 Hit Nearly 50 Years Ago – Yahoo

    How The Police Changed Music Forever with Their Iconic 1979 Hit Nearly 50 Years Ago

  • General
  • Health
  • News

    Cracking the Code: Why China’s Economic Challenges Aren’t Shaking Markets, Unlike America’s” – Bloomberg

    Trump’s Narrow Window to Spread the Truth About Harris

    Trump’s Narrow Window to Spread the Truth About Harris

    Israel-Gaza war live updates: Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh assassinated in Iran, group says

    Israel-Gaza war live updates: Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh assassinated in Iran, group says

    PAP Boss to Niger Delta Youths, Stay Away from the Protest

    PAP Boss to Niger Delta Youths, Stay Away from the Protest

    Court Restricts Protests In Lagos To Freedom, Peace Park

    Court Restricts Protests In Lagos To Freedom, Peace Park

    Fans React to Jazz Jennings’ Inspiring Weight Loss Journey

    Fans React to Jazz Jennings’ Inspiring Weight Loss Journey

    Trending Tags

    • Trump Inauguration
    • United Stated
    • White House
    • Market Stories
    • Election Results
  • Science
  • Sports
  • Technology
    MAC Brings iPad Technology to Football Sidelines Across All 13 Member Schools – Sports Video Group

    MAC Brings iPad Technology to Football Sidelines Across All 13 Member Schools – Sports Video Group

    Technology Is Becoming More Important Than Humans In CX – No Jitter

    Technology Is Becoming More Important Than Humans In CX – No Jitter

    A Tech Expo Shows What China Can Make, but Not Who’ll Buy It All – The New York Times

    Inside China’s Tech Expo: Cutting-Edge Innovations Face Uncertain Demand

    Steampunk Metal Oval Technology Sense Sunglasses Personality Handmade Chain Multicolor Sunglasses UV400 – The San Joaquin Valley Sun

    Steampunk Metal Oval Sunglasses with Handmade Multicolor Chain – Bold UV400 Protection and Unique Style

    STELLA Automotive AI Appoints Fred Seidelman as Chief Technology Officer – Yahoo Finance

    STELLA Automotive AI Appoints Fred Seidelman as New Chief Technology Officer

    Saving Energy and Money with Smart Technology – Terms of Service with Clare Duffy – Podcast on CNN Podcasts – CNN

    Saving Energy and Money with Smart Technology – Terms of Service with Clare Duffy – Podcast on CNN Podcasts – CNN

    Trending Tags

    • Nintendo Switch
    • CES 2017
    • Playstation 4 Pro
    • Mark Zuckerberg
No Result
View All Result
Earth-News
No Result
View All Result
Home Science

How did the universe’s elements form?

October 22, 2023
in Science
How did the universe’s elements form?
Share on FacebookShare on Twitter

News

Science & Astronomy

A model of the big bang showing a large explosion that produces the rest of the universe

A model of the big bang showing a large explosion that produces the rest of the universe.
(Image credit: Getty images)

We all know the universe contains a vast array of elements, ranging from light gases, such as helium, to heavy metals, like lead. But where did all of the elements come from? 

The journey of the elements starts in the earliest moments of the Big Bang, when our universe was only a few seconds to a few minutes old. At that time, the entire cosmos was crammed into a volume millions of times smaller than it is today. Due to the incredibly high densities, the average temperature of all the material in the universe was well over a billion degrees, which is more than hot enough for nuclear reactions to take place. In fact, it was so hot that even protons and neutrons could not exist as stable entities. Instead, the universe was just a sea of more fundamental particles, called quarks and gluons, seething in a raw plasma state.

But the universe would not stay that way for long. It was expanding, which means it was also cooling. Eventually, the quarks could bind together to form the first protons and neutrons without instantly getting demolished. Protons are ever so slightly lighter than neutrons, which gave them an edge in this initial phase of particle production. Once the universe was a few minutes old, it was far too cold to create new protons and neutrons. So those first heavy particles were the only ones the universe was ever going to make (outside of future rare high-energy interactions).

Related: The history of the universe: Big Bang to now in 10 easy steps

By the time the heavy particles finally froze out, there were roughly six protons for every neutron. Neutrons by themselves aren’t stable; they decay with a half-life of around 880 seconds. Immediately, some of the neutrons began to decay away, while the remainder started binding with protons to form the first atomic nuclei. Of all the light elements, helium-4, which consists of two protons and two neutrons, has the largest binding energy, which means it’s the easiest to form and the hardest to break apart. So almost all of that helium went into the production of helium-4.

From calculations like this, cosmologists can predict that the universe started out with a mixture of roughly 75% hydrogen (which is just a bare proton), 25% helium and a small scattering of lithium — which is exactly what astronomers observe.

Stellar nucleosynthesis 

The next stage in the appearance of the elements had to wait for the first generation of stars, which didn’t start shining until hundreds of millions of years after the Big Bang. Stars power themselves through nuclear fusion, transforming hydrogen into helium. This process leaves a tiny bit of energy left over. But stars have so much hydrogen available that they can burn for billions, or sometimes trillions, of years. 

Near the ends of their lives, stars like the sun switch to fusing helium instead, turning it into carbon and oxygen before they die as planetary nebulae. This is why carbon and oxygen are so abundant in the universe; after hydrogen and helium, they are the most commonly produced elements. In fact, oxygen is the most common element on Earth, although most of it is bound up with silicates to form the ground beneath your feet.

More massive stars — those with at least eight times the mass of the sun — fuse even heavier elements in their cores. Especially in their final weeks, days and even hours, the most massive stars in the universe create nitrogen, neon, silicon, sulfur, magnesium, nickel, chromium and iron.

Aftermath nucleosynthesis 

That’s the end of the line for the formation of elements within stars. Their intense energies are perfectly capable of producing heavier elements, but fusing anything above iron saps energy, rather than producing it, so those heavier elements appear only rarely in the cores of massive stars.

Instead, the rest of the elements in the periodic table are produced when stars die, which they do through a variety of fascinating, complicated and spectacular means. Smaller stars slowly turn themselves inside out, spewing their guts all across their stellar systems. Larger stars explode in violent cataclysms known as supernovas. Both kinds of deaths leave remnants. In the case of small stars, they leave white dwarfs, which are made almost entirely of carbon and oxygen. Larger stars leave behind incredibly dense spheres of neutrons known as neutron stars. 

Gas from a companion star can fall onto a white dwarf, causing it to trigger its own kind of supernova blast. Neutron stars can collide with each other, releasing an enormous amount of energy in an event known as a kilonova.

No matter what, all of these processes involve a lot of radiation, a lot of energy and a lot of particles flying around at high speed — in other words, the perfect soup for fashioning new elements. It’s through these calamities that the rest of the periodic table came into being.

It’s also through these energetic events that these elements spread beyond the bounds of their home stars and out into the interstellar mix. There, those elements join new gas clouds, which eventually coalesce to form new generations of stars that continue the process of elemental recycling and regeneration, slowly enriching the universe.

Join our Space Forums to keep talking space on the latest missions, night sky and more! And if you have a news tip, correction or comment, let us know at: [email protected].

Breaking space news, the latest updates on rocket launches, skywatching events and more!

Paul M. Sutter is an astrophysicist at SUNY Stony Brook and the Flatiron Institute in New York City. Paul received his PhD in Physics from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 2011, and spent three years at the Paris Institute of Astrophysics, followed by a research fellowship in Trieste, Italy, His research focuses on many diverse topics, from the emptiest regions of the universe to the earliest moments of the Big Bang to the hunt for the first stars. As an “Agent to the Stars,” Paul has passionately engaged the public in science outreach for several years. He is the host of the popular “Ask a Spaceman!” podcast, author of “Your Place in the Universe” and “How to Die in Space” and he frequently appears on TV — including on The Weather Channel, for which he serves as Official Space Specialist.

>>> Read full article>>>
Copyright for syndicated content belongs to the linked Source : Space.com – https://www.space.com/how-did-universe-elements-form

Tags: Elementsscienceuniverse's
Previous Post

SpaceX launches 23 Starlink satellites on its second spaceflight in a day

Next Post

Scientists bury time capsule to celebrate upcoming Extremely Large Telescope (photos)

Inside Iowa Politics: Ian Roberts deceived Des Moines School Board, chair says – KTIV

Inside Iowa Politics: Ian Roberts deceived Des Moines School Board, chair says – KTIV

October 4, 2025
‘This is unprecedented:’ Ecology restricts surface water use in the Yakima River Basin – Yakima Herald-Republic

Unprecedented Move: Ecology Imposes New Restrictions on Yakima River Basin Surface Water Use

October 4, 2025
Roane State, TCAT Knoxville mark milestone at new health science campus – Oakridger

Roane State and TCAT Knoxville Celebrate Major Milestone at New Health Science Campus

October 4, 2025
Science Hill blanks Morristown East – Johnson City Press

Science Hill Cruises to a Commanding Shutout Over Morristown East

October 4, 2025
Favorite Halloween candies in Missouri, Oklahoma, Kansas, Arkansas – Yahoo

Discover the Most Beloved Halloween Candies in Missouri, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Arkansas!

October 4, 2025
MAC Brings iPad Technology to Football Sidelines Across All 13 Member Schools – Sports Video Group

MAC Brings iPad Technology to Football Sidelines Across All 13 Member Schools – Sports Video Group

October 4, 2025
Dodgers’ Roki Sasaki opens up about pitching in relief – Yahoo Sports

Dodgers’ Roki Sasaki opens up about pitching in relief – Yahoo Sports

October 4, 2025
Ageing and health – World Health Organization (WHO)

Ageing and health – World Health Organization (WHO)

October 3, 2025
CFOs confident in their own companies but not in the economy – CFO.com

CFOs Reveal Unshakable Confidence in Their Companies Amid Economic Uncertainty

October 3, 2025
Books about the arts and some haunts for a Denton October – Denton Record-Chronicle

Uncover Artistic Treasures and Spooky Adventures to Experience in Denton This October

October 3, 2025

Categories

Archives

October 2025
M T W T F S S
 12345
6789101112
13141516171819
20212223242526
2728293031  
« Sep    
Earth-News.info

The Earth News is an independent English-language daily published Website from all around the World News

Browse by Category

  • Business (20,132)
  • Ecology (850)
  • Economy (870)
  • Entertainment (21,744)
  • General (17,398)
  • Health (9,913)
  • Lifestyle (883)
  • News (22,149)
  • People (872)
  • Politics (882)
  • Science (16,081)
  • Sports (21,371)
  • Technology (15,853)
  • World (853)

Recent News

Inside Iowa Politics: Ian Roberts deceived Des Moines School Board, chair says – KTIV

Inside Iowa Politics: Ian Roberts deceived Des Moines School Board, chair says – KTIV

October 4, 2025
‘This is unprecedented:’ Ecology restricts surface water use in the Yakima River Basin – Yakima Herald-Republic

Unprecedented Move: Ecology Imposes New Restrictions on Yakima River Basin Surface Water Use

October 4, 2025
  • About
  • Advertise
  • Privacy & Policy
  • Contact

© 2023 earth-news.info

No Result
View All Result

© 2023 earth-news.info

No Result
View All Result

© 2023 earth-news.info

Go to mobile version