Chemistry
Chemicals containing fluorine that are used in pharmaceuticals, fertilisers and batteries can now be made without the release of toxic hydrogen fluoride gas as part of the process
By Karmela Padavic-Callaghan
Jars used for milling the powder
Gouverneur Group, University of Oxford
Chemicals that contain the element fluorine, which are widely used in pharmaceuticals, fertilisers and batteries can now be made using a process that is safer and takes less energy compared with how these substances have been manufactured for centuries.
The fluorine in most fluorochemicals comes from chunks of salt called fluorspar, in which the element is bound to calcium. Fluorspar crystals are mined and then treated with a strong acid at a high temperature to create the hydrogen fluoride gas used in fluorochemical production.
However, hydrogen fluoride is very, toxic which makes the whole process hazardous to both the environment and to human health. Calum Patel at the University of Oxford and his colleagues wanted to make fluorochemicals without using it at all.
Their idea was to grind fluorspar and a potassium phosphate salt into powder instead of reacting the fluorspar with acid. They placed the two salts in a stainless-steel jar together with a small steel ball, then used a machine called a ball mill to shake the jar for a few hours.
As the jar moved, the steel ball repeatedly hit the salts, grinding them like a hands-free mortar and pestle. This also caused a chemical reaction that produced a new, powdery compound that the researchers named Fluoromix.
The researchers then made compounds containing fluorine by combining Fluoromix with water and other chemical ingredients. To confirm that this material could work in place of dangerous hydrogen fluoride gas as a source of fluorine, they used Fluoromix to make over 50 different compounds, including some that are necessary ingredients for drugs, fertilisers and antibiotics.
Patel says that the milling process his team used is new for fluorine chemistry, but has been widely employed as a more environmentally friendly approach in other chemical manufacturing processes, such as creating parts for novel batteries. This it because it works at room temperature, so it makes the process less energy-intensive than producing and using hydrogen fluoride.
David O’Hagan at the University of St Andrews in the UK says that the new method could bring about change in an industry that still uses methods dating back to the 1600s. “It is in a very positive way surprising that you can avoid hydrogen fluoride, and hydrogen fluoride has led to many industrial accidents and deaths. To me, this looks like it could be the beginning of something new for this industry,” he says.
“This seems like a breakthrough,” says James Clark at the University of York in the UK. “Making direct use of fluorspar in this way is something of a Holy Grail that has had virtually no success so far.” He says the researchers now need to work out how exactly the new method stacks up against more traditional approaches in terms of price and how well it can be adapted for very large, industrial quantities of fluorspar.
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