An estimated 1 in 100 adolescents ages 12-17 years in the United States have an opioid use disorder (OUD). But fewer than 5% of adolescents with OUD get buprenorphine or naltrexone, though the treatments are recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), new data show.
Meanwhile, adolescent drug overdose deaths more than doubled between 2019 and 2021, with most involving opioids.
Scott E. Hadland, MD, MPH, with the Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine at Mass General for Children in Boston, and colleagues detailed the extent of the treatment gap and barriers to prescribing and caring for youth with OUD in primary care in a research letter published February 26 in JAMA Pediatrics.
Dr Hadland’s team mailed 1681 US pediatricians a survey, and the response rate was 43.0%. Researchers included in the sample 474 primary care pediatricians who care for adolescents.
Who Should Treat OUD?
Most respondents (average age, 49.5; 74.0% female) agreed or strongly agreed that it is their responsibility to identify substance use disorders (93.9%) and refer patients to treatment (97.4%).
Fewer agreed or strongly agreed that it is their responsibility to treat substance use disorders (20.3%) or prescribe medications (12.4%). Fewer than half of the respondents said they felt prepared or very prepared to counsel adolescents on opioid use (48.3%) compared with those comfortable counseling on alcohol (87.1%), cannabis (81.7%), and e-cigarette use (80.1%; P <.001>
Pediatricians were less likely to provide counseling (63.0%) and more likely to refer patients to care off-site (71.8%) for opioid use than for alcohol (87.7% and 51.7%); cannabis (88.9% and 45.4%); or e-cigarette use (91.6% and 26.5%) (P <.001 for all comparisons>
Training Lacking in Residency Programs
“These results reveal an opportunity for greater workforce training in line with a 2019 survey showing fewer than 1 in 3 US pediatric residency programs included education on prescribing OUD medications,” the authors wrote. “Training focused on treating OUD in primary care, including prescribing medications and addressing possible misperceptions, may be needed,” they noted.
The survey predated the elimination in 2023 of the federal buprenorphine waiver requirement, which made prescribing buprenorphine easier, so these results do not reflect any changes from that elimination, they wrote.
Sharon Levy, MD, MPH, chief of the Division of Addiction Medicine at Boston Children’s Hospital and professor of pediatrics at Harvard Medical School in Boston, who was not part of this study, said more education on addiction medicine is needed for general pediatricians.
She said it’s time to push beyond the current framework of Screening, Brief Intervention, Referral to Treatment (SBIRT), because that doesn’t include “prescribing medications to manage withdrawal or suppress cravings or the use of lab testing, both of which could be accomplished in primary care.”
Dr Levy said she considers substance use disorders the same way she considers other chronic conditions: Most patients can be treated in primary care. “Specialty care and higher levels of care need to be available for patients who are most complicated and/or having a flare of their condition.”
“In my opinion, most teens with opioid use disorder can and should be treated in primary care. I worry about referring teens with opioid use disorder to get medication somewhere else because there are few places that deliver this service to this age group. Additionally, teens and families are not always willing to pursue a referral, and many will get lost along the way.”
Promising Models
At Boston Children’s, she said, the Division of Addiction Medicine has created a consultation call line that primary care providers can call for help with any questions about teen substance use.
After running the consultation for about a year, she said, the program wanted to add ways to help patients directly and hired and trained social workers who can see pediatric patients with substance use problems for counseling via telemedicine. “The program also now supports group therapy for pediatric patients and parents, so that primary care providers can refer patients directly to group therapy,” Dr Levy said.
The growth of telehealth since the pandemic may allow for new models of care.
“For example, now our Adolescent Substance Use and Addiction Program at Boston Children’s Hospital can provide services, including medication induction and follow-up, virtually,” Dr Levy said. “This allows us to treat young people anywhere in the state. There have been instances in which a primary care provider referred us patients with OUD and then partnered with us, including performing physicals for teens who could not get to Boston to see us in person. At the end of the day, the more models we can come up with the better.”
Dr Hadland reported honoraria from the AAP outside the submitted work. Two coauthors reported receiving salary support from the AAP during the conduct of the study. A coauthor reported serving as the chair of the AAP Committee on Substance Use and Prevention outside the submitted work. This work was supported by a grant from the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation via the AAP. Dr Sharon Levy’s husband, Ofer Levy, MD, PhD, is director of the Precision Vaccines Program at Boston Children’s Hospital.
This article originally appeared on MDedge.com, part of the Medscape Professional Network.
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