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Combination image of Kamala Harris and Elon Musk.AP/Reuters
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A manipulated video that mimics the voice of Vice President Kamala Harris saying things she did not say is raising concerns about the power of artificial intelligence to mislead with Election Day about three months away.
The video gained attention after tech billionaire Elon Musk shared it on his social media platform X on Friday evening without explicitly noting it was originally released as a parody.
The video uses many of the same visuals as a real ad that Ms. Harris, the likely Democratic presidential nominee, released last week launching her campaign. But the video swaps out the voice-over audio with another voice that convincingly impersonates Ms. Harris. We are not directly linking to the video, so it is not amplified further.
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Screenshot of an X post by Elon Musk sharing a video of Kamala Harris with her voice apparently generated by AI.X
“I, Kamala Harris, am your Democrat candidate for president because Joe Biden finally exposed his senility at the debate,” the voice says in the video. It claims Harris is a “diversity hire” because she is a woman and a person of colour, and it says she doesn’t know “the first thing about running the country.” The video retains “Harris for President” branding. It also adds in some authentic past clips of Harris.
Mia Ehrenberg, a Harris campaign spokesperson, said in an e-mail to The Associated Press: “We believe the American people want the real freedom, opportunity and security Vice President Harris is offering; not the fake, manipulated lies of Elon Musk and Donald Trump.”
The widely shared video is an example of how lifelike AI-generated images, videos or audio clips have been utilized both to poke fun and to mislead about politics as the United States draws closer to the presidential election. It exposes how, as high-quality AI tools have become far more accessible, there remains a lack of significant federal action so far to regulate their use, leaving rules guiding AI in politics largely to states and social media platforms.
The video also raises questions about how to best handle content that blurs the lines of what is considered an appropriate use of AI, particularly if it falls into the category of satire. In a follow-up post, Musk shared the video a second time, adding that “ … parody is legal in America.”
The original user who posted the video, a YouTuber known as Mr Reagan, has disclosed both on YouTube and on X that the manipulated video is a parody. But Mr. Musk’s original post only includes the caption “This is amazing” with a laughing emoji.
While some participants who use X’s “community note” feature to add context to posts have suggested labelling Musk’s post, no such label had been added to it as of Monday morning. Some users online questioned whether his post might violate X’s policies, which say users “may not share synthetic, manipulated, or out-of-context media that may deceive or confuse people and lead to harm.”
The policy has an exception for memes and satire as long as they do not cause “significant confusion about the authenticity of the media.”
Mr. Musk has endorsed former President Donald Trump in the election. Neither Mr Reagan nor Mr. Musk immediately responded to e-mailed requests for comment Sunday.
Two experts who specialize in AI-generated media reviewed the fake ad’s audio and confirmed that much of it was generated using AI technology.
One of them, University of California, Berkeley, digital forensics expert Hany Farid, said the video shows the power of generative AI and deepfakes.
“The AI-generated voice is very good,” he said in an e-mail. “Even though most people won’t believe it is VP Harris’ voice, the video is that much more powerful when the words are in her voice.”
Robert Weissman, co-president of the advocacy group Public Citizen, disagreed with Mr. Farid, saying he thought many people would be fooled by the video.
“I don’t think that’s obviously a joke,” Mr. Weissman said in an interview. “I’m certain that most people looking at it don’t assume it’s a joke. The quality isn’t great, but it’s good enough. And precisely because it feeds into pre-existing themes that have circulated around her, most people will believe it to be real.”
Mr. Weissman, whose organization has advocated for Congress, federal agencies and states to regulate generative AI, said the video is “the kind of thing that we’ve been warning about.”
Other generative AI deepfakes in both the U.S. and elsewhere would have tried to influence voters with misinformation, humour or both. In Slovakia in 2023, fake audio clips impersonated a candidate discussing plans to rig an election and raise the price of beer days before the vote. In Louisiana in 2022, a political action committee’s satirical ad superimposed a Louisiana mayoral candidate’s face onto an actor portraying him as an underachieving high school student.
Congress has yet to pass legislation on AI in politics, and federal agencies have only taken limited steps, leaving most existing U.S. regulations to the states. More than one-third of states have created their own laws regulating the use of AI in campaigns and elections, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures.
Beyond X, other social media companies also have created policies regarding synthetic and manipulated media shared on their platforms. Users on the video platform YouTube, for example, must reveal whether they have used generative artificial intelligence to create videos or face suspension.
Generative AI tools that easily make or edit images are cluttering our digital lives with misleading or out-and-out fake content, with consequences for our view of the past, present and future. Patrick Dell, The Globe’s senior visuals editor, highlights the challenges we face separating the real from the AI-created.
The Globe and Mail
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