Recent research reveals that increased exposure to traffic-related air pollution is linked to a higher likelihood of amyloid plaques in the brain, associated with Alzheimer’s disease, suggesting environmental factors could contribute to Alzheimer’s in genetically unaffected individuals.
According to a study recently published in Neurology, the medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology, individuals exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution were found to have increased levels of amyloid plaques in their brains, a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease, observed post-mortem. The research focused on fine particulate matter, known as PM2.5, which is made up of airborne particles smaller than 2.5 microns in diameter.
The study does not prove that air pollution causes more amyloid plaques in the brain. It only shows an association.
Evidence and Further Research Needed
“These results add to the evidence that fine particulate matter from traffic-related air pollution affects the amount of amyloid plaque in the brain,” said study author Anke Huels, PhD, of Emory University in Atlanta. “More research is needed to investigate the mechanisms behind this link.”
For the study, researchers examined the brain tissue of 224 people who agreed to donate their brains at death to advance research on dementia. The people had died at an average age of 76.
Researchers looked at the traffic-related air pollution exposure based on the people’s home addresses in the Atlanta area at the time of death. Traffic-related PM2.5 concentrations are a major source of ambient pollution in urban areas like the metro-Atlanta area where most donors lived. The average level of exposure in the year before death was 1.32 micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m3) and 1.35 µg/m3 in the three years before death.
Researchers then compared pollution exposures to measures of the signs of Alzheimer’s disease in the brain: amyloid plaques and tau tangles. They found that people with higher exposures to air pollution one and three years before death were more likely to have higher levels of amyloid plaques in their brains. People with 1 µg/m3 higher PM2.5 exposure in the year before death were nearly twice as likely to have higher levels of plaques, while those with higher exposure in the three years before death were 87% more likely to have higher levels of plaques.
Genetic Factors and Environmental Influences
Researchers also looked at whether having the main gene variant associated with Alzheimer’s disease, APOE e4, had any effect on the relationship between air pollution and signs of Alzheimer’s in the brain. They found that the strongest relationship between air pollution and signs of Alzheimer’s was among those without the gene variant.
“This suggests that environmental factors such as air pollution could be a contributing factor to Alzheimer’s in patients in which the disease cannot be explained by genetics,” Huels said.
A limitation of the study is that researchers only had the home addresses of people at the time of their death for measuring air pollution, so it’s possible that pollution exposure may have been misclassified. The study also involved mainly white people who were highly educated, so the results may not be representative of other populations.
Reference: “Association of PM2.5 Exposure and Alzheimer Disease Pathology in Brain Bank Donors—Effect Modification by APOE Genotype” by Grace M. Christensen, Zhenjiang Li, Donghai Liang, Stefanie Ebelt, Marla Gearing, Allan I. Levey, James J. Lah, Aliza Wingo, Thomas Wingo and Anke Hüls, 21 February 2024, Neurology.
DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000209162
The study was supported by the HERCULES Pilot Project, Goizueta Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center and the Rollins School of Public Health Dean’s Pilot and Innovation Grant.
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