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NIAB Scientists Pioneering Cutting-Edge Vaccine to Combat Leptospirosis!

October 29, 2024
in Science
NIAB scientists working on next generation vaccine against ‘Leptospirosis’
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The scientific team at the National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), under ​the guidance ​of Syed Faisal, is dedicated to creating a cutting-edge vaccine targeting this critical zoonotic disease.
| Photo Credit: The‍ Hindu Graphics | Subyendu Ganguly

Researchers at the National Institute of Animal Biotechnology ⁣(NIAB) are advancing efforts to produce a novel vaccine for ‘Leptospirosis’—a significant illness impacting both humans and animals, attributable to bacteria⁢ known as ‘Leptospira’, which consists⁤ of over 300 distinct strains. This zoonotic disease has emerged as an increasing public health threat, exacerbated ⁢by climate change and ​global warming factors.

The Declining Efficacy of Antibiotics

Around one million human cases of‍ leptospirosis arise each year, contributing to approximately 60,000⁤ fatalities.‌ Although there is an assortment of ​antibiotics available for treatment, their efficacy diminishes when bacteria invade critical organs—often due to ‌late diagnosis—as noted by scientists from the Institute⁢ affiliated with the Department of Biotechnology.

Vaccination presents a proven and economically viable ‌preventive strategy against this ailment; however, existing killed vaccines offer only temporary immunity limited to certain strains and do not prevent bacterial excretion in urine.

Current Vaccine Landscape

Presently, vaccines exist exclusively for animals ⁢but fail to cover all bacterial‍ strains involved; additionally, there are no approved human vaccines ⁤available. Current veterinary vaccines may induce strong ⁢cross-protective effects⁤ but lack sterilizing immunity or lasting protective responses.

Focus on Next-Generation Vaccination by NIAB

The ‌NIAB research team led by Syed Faisal is committed ‍to developing ⁤next-generation ​vaccines that target multiple Leptospira strains. They have successfully characterized Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which serves as a crucial protective ⁢antigen defining strain specificity according to Director G.⁢ Taru⁢ Sharma.

This research ⁤team has also found​ that initial ⁤immune reactions against LPS can determine whether an individual will face mild symptoms or severe infections characterized by multi-organ dysfunction. ​Notably, they ‍identified that‌ Lipid A—a component derived‌ from LPS—is ⁢less toxic ⁣yet capable of⁣ enhancing the immune response thereby increasing vaccine efficacy—a significant breakthrough toward innovative vaccine development.

The study ‍recognized various antigens like ‍Leptospira immunoglobulin-like proteins named ‘LigA⁢ and LigB’ as promising candidates for subunit vaccination; these require ‍effective adjuvants for optimal performance. Trials conducted using mice and‍ hamsters revealed that ​combining these proteins with alum alongside Leptospira Lipid A ‌outperformed other combinations in eliciting robust ⁣cellular immune responses while providing sterilizing immunity against leptospirosis.

“This comprehensive research supported by the Department of Science & Technology (DST) ​emphasizes the adjuvant properties inherent in Leptospira Lipid A⁣ while paving‌ promising ⁣paths towards LPS-based vaccinations aimed at combating this serious zoonotic affliction,” stated Dr. Faisal. Moreover, he noted that potent adjuvants invigorate innate immune mechanisms leading towards sustained antigen-specific protective responses.” This pivotal work has been documented in ‘Open Biology and Vaccines’, a renowned international journal.

Published – October 29, 2024 ⁣01:50 ⁤pm IST

Tags: generationLeptospirosisNIABscienceScientistsVaccineworking
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